European industrial policy for the green and digital revolution

Abstract The urgent need to accelerate on, and make a national success of, the green digital transition is leading widespread calls for greater government involvement in economy, including by means of an active industrial policy. After reviewing several case studies, it becomes evident that, against conventional wisdom, nearly all countries have systematically engaged some form policy, especially large economies like USA China, notwithstanding their very different economic models. same true Europe, both at level through European Union policies. analysing these experiences, we draw six key policy lessons inform future debates on how shape successful years come mitigate its risks, while acting context souring geopolitical tensions.